Angina is a temporary pain or tightness that may start in the chest and will sometimes spread to other parts of your upper body. It may start suddenly and may last only a few minutes. Angina will usually occur when there are extra demands placed on the heart, such as during exercise, exposure to extreme hot or cold conditions, windy weather, or during periods of emotional stress. Some people may develop angina at rest or after eating large meals when blood flow must increase to aid in the digestion of foods.
Symptoms of Angina
The symptoms of angina may vary from person to person. The symptoms may even vary with each episode. They can include a tightness, pressure, aching, or burning behind the breastbone. This sensation may spread or radiate to the arms, neck, jaw, back, or between the shoulder blades.
Other symptoms may include nausea, sweating, shortness of breath, or weakness.
Causes of Angina
Angina is caused by a shortage of oxygen and other nutrients reaching the heart muscle. The pain of angina is produced when the heart muscle is starved for oxygen, a condition called ischemia.
Angina occurs most often when the coronary arteries of your heart become narrowed or clogged with deposits of fatty plaque-like substances. This disease is called atherosclerosis.
If you think you are having angina, you should follow these steps:
1. STOP what you are doing. SIT DOWN AND REST.
2. If the symptoms are not gone in 2 to 3 minutes, place a nitroglycerin tablet under your tongue and let it dissolve. You may feel a slight sense of stinging or burning under your tongue,this means the nitroglycerin is working to help relieve your angina.
3. Wait 3 to 5 minutes. If your angina is still present, take a second nitroglycerin tablet.
4. Again, wait 3 to 5 minutes. If the symptoms remain, take a third nitroglycerin tablet.
5. If your angina has not subsided after the third nitroglycerin tablet or after 15 minutes since you first began experiencing discomfort, call an ambulance or have someone drive you to the nearest emergency room.
DO NOT IGNORE THESE WARNING SYMPTOMS!!!!
Helpful Hints about Nitroglycerin tablets.
The burning sensation described earlier is not always an indication that the tablet is fresh. The best way to know if your tablets are fresh is to replace them approximately every 6 months.
Another helpful hint is to "check mark" the bottle every time you open it. Once you get to six "check marks" replace the bottle.
All formations of nitroglycerin should be kept at room temperature. The sublingual (under your tongue) tablets are especially susceptible to moisture. They should NOT be kept in bathrooms or kitchens because of higher degrees of moisture there.If carrying nitroglycerin sublingual tablets with you, you may want to check with your pharmacist for devices to aid you in carrying your nitroglycerin bottle (e.g. a metal cylinder on a chain around your neck).
When Should You Contact Your Family Physician?
Call your physician WITHIN 24 HOURS for any of the following:
This is the first time you have ever experienced angina.
You experience angina while resting.
Your angina is occurring more frequently, has changed location, or is more severe than in the past.
The nitroglycerin tablets do not work as quickly as they have in the past.
Your angina has awakened you during the night.
If your angina has reoccurred following a cardiac catheterization, angioplasty, or open heart surgery procedure(s).
What Can You Do to Avoid Angina?
Many people can control their angina by following their medication regimen prescribed by their physician and by making life-style changes that lower the heart's workload and reduce stress. Other things you can do may include:
* Stop smoking (smoking makes the heart work harder)
* Lose excess weight
* Start an exercise program
* Lower your blood cholesterol levels
* Avoid eating heavy meals and rest after eating
* AVOID outside activities on EXTREMELY HOT OR COLD DAYS
* Reduce your stress.
A hernia is the protrusion of an organ through the wall that normally contains it. With a hiatal hernia, part of the stomach protrudes upward through the opening (hiatus) at the esophagus and the diaphragm. The stomach is normally located in the abdomen. The esophagus connects the throat to the stomach, and the diaphragm is a group of muscles used for breathing, located between the abdomen and the lungs.
Hiatal hernias are more likely to occur in females than males, and are very common during middle age. People who are obese or have had abdominal surgery are at higher risk for hernias. The risk also increases with age. Hiatal hernias can occur in children and adults.
Causes of Hiatal Hernia
Hiatal hernias are caused by a weakness in the muscle tissue at the opening in the diaphragm where the esophagus passes through to the stomach. In some people, this weakness is congenital, which means it is present at birth. In others, it develops over time, as a result of excessive weight gain, physical activity that places pressure on the abdomen, pregnancy, heavy lifting, straining during bowel movements because of constipation, severe vomiting, or chronic and intense coughing. Because the muscle is weak, the hernia occurs during abdominal strain.
Symptoms of Hiatal Hernia
A hiatal hernia cannot be seen on the outside of the body, and may not cause any symptoms at all. Patients who do experience symptoms usually feel a burning sensation in the chest and throat a short time after eating. This is called gastroesophageal reflux and is caused by stomach acids being pushed up into the esophagus. Other symptoms include heartburn, an uncomfortably full feeling after eating, and the frequent need to belch. A serious complication of a hiatal hernia can occur if the part of the stomach that is herniated becomes twisted or pinched by the diaphragm. This is called a strangulated hiatal hernia. If this happens, that portion of the stomach can lose its blood supply. Symptoms include severe chest pain, bloating, and difficulty swallowing. Very large hiatal hernias can develop lesions that bleed and cause anemia from the blood loss.Diagnosed of Hiatal Hernia
To diagnose a hiatal hernia, your doctor will rely upon your description of symptoms and a series of diagnostic tests. These may include endoscopy or a barium swallow. With endoscopy, a flexible viewing tube is inserted through the mouth and down to the stomach so the doctor can check for the hiatal hernia between the esophagus and the stomach. You will be given a mild sedative during the procedure so you will feel no discomfort. With a barium swallow, x-rays are taken after you drink a special barium solution. The barium helps reveal the bulge of a hiatal hernia on the x-ray. Both tests can be done on an outpatient basis.
Treatment of Hiatal Hernia
The treatment for hiatal hernias is focused on diet and surgery is rarely necessary. Doctors recommend restricting your intake of spicy and acidic foods and beverages, caffeinated beverages, and chocolate; elevating your head when lying down to prevent gastroesophageal reflux; remaining in an upright position after eating; and using antacids and acid-reducing medications. Patients with hiatal hernias find that symptoms are reduced if they eat frequent small meals throughout the day. Surgery is necessary for a strangulated hiatal hernia and very large hiatal hernias that cause severe gastroesophageal reflux. This procedure may be performed through laparoscopic surgery, in which the surgeon uses a special viewing instrument called a laparoscope, inserted through a small incision in the chest or abdomen. The laparoscope is like a tiny video camera that gives the surgeon a clear view of the abdominal area. Other small incisions are made to insert the surgical instruments used to pull the stomach back down into the abdomen and repair the weak muscle or make a smaller opening between the diaphragm and the esophagus.
Prevented Managment
Although there is no way to prevent hernias due to a congenital weakness, you can help reduce your risk for a hiatal hernia. Follow a healthy diet that is high in fiber and drink plenty of fluids to prevent constipation, maintain a healthy weight through diet and exercise, and avoid cigarette smoking, which can cause chronic coughs. If your job requires heavy lifting, learn the proper way to lift and wear a support garment. Certain medications can aggravate a hiatal hernia. Your doctor can recommend which medications to avoid if you have this condition.
Appendicitis is the inflammation of the appendix. The appendix is a worm-shaped pouch that projects from the cecum, which is the point at which the large intestine joins the small intestine. The appendix is located in the lower right abdomen and is not essential to the body’s function.
Anyone can get appendicitis, and it is the most common reason for emergency abdominal surgery. Appendicitis is most likely to occur between the ages of 10 and 30. It occurs most often in boys between the ages of 10 and 14 and girls 15 to 19. It is less common in the elderly and infants.
Causes of Appendicitis
Researchers are not sure what causes appendicitis, but think it may be a blockage between the large intestine and appendix, or a viral or bacterial infection.
Symptoms of Appendicitis
An inflamed appendix causes mild to severe pain that moves from the navel to the lower right abdomen. The lower right abdomen may be extremely sensitive to touch and the pain is often worse with movement and strain, such as sneezing, coughing, or taking a deep breath. Other symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, fever, diarrhea, constipation, weight loss, and a swollen abdomen. However, some people may not experience all of these symptoms. An inflamed appendix can become so swollen that it ruptures, spilling its infected contents into the abdominal cavity. This can cause a life-threatening infection called peritonitis. Never treat appendicitis symptoms with laxatives or enemas because they can cause the inflamed appendix to rupture. A ruptured appendix that is not treated immediately can cause death.
Diagnosed of Appendicitis
A diagnosis of appendicitis is based upon a physical examination and the patient’s symptoms. The doctor will ask you about the location of the pain and how long you have felt it. He or she will press gently on your abdomen to check for tenderness and swelling in the area of the appendix. The doctor may order blood tests to check for a high white blood count, which is a sign of infection, and ultrasound or computed tomography (CT) scans to check the condition of the appendix. He or she may order additional tests to rule out other disorders, such as urinary tract infections, tubal pregnancies, and bowel obstructions, that can cause similar symptoms. If you are a woman and your doctor suspects a cause other than appendicitis, he or she might recommend a laparoscopic study. A small, lighted viewing tube, called a laparoscope, is inserted into a small incision in the abdomen to check for disorders of the reproductive system.
Ttreatment of AppendicitisAppendicitis is treated with surgery to remove the appendix, called an appendectomy. This surgery is usually performed as soon as possible after the diagnosis has been made to avoid a rupture. In many cases, appendectomies can be performed with laparoscopic surgery. The surgeon makes a small incision in the abdomen and inserts the laparoscope. The laparoscope is like a tiny video camera that gives the surgeon a clear view of the abdominal area. Other small incisions are made to insert the surgical instruments used to remove the appendix. Because the appendix is not necessary to the body’s function, people who have an appendectomy make a full recovery and are able to continue with life as usual.
Preventive of Appendicitis
There is no known way to prevent appendicitis. However, a healthy lifestyle, including a diet high in fiber and antioxidants, as well as moderate exercise, goes a long way in preventing illness and disease.
